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Biological control is recorded around 300 AD in China, when colonies of weaver ants, Oecophylla smaragdina, were intentionally put in citrus plantations to control beetles and caterpillars.5 Additionally in China, ducks were used in paddy fields to consume insects, as illustrated in ancient cave art. In 1762an Indian mynah has been brought to Mauritius to control locusts, and roughly precisely the same period, citrus trees in Burma were connected with bamboos to permit ants to maneuver between them and assist control caterpillars.
Biological pest control is a method of controlling pests like insects and mites by using different organisms.8 It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory or other natural mechanisms, but normally also involves an active human management function. Classical biological control involves the introduction of natural enemies of the pest which are bred in the lab and released into the environment.
Ideally, the released organism will strain and survive, and supply long-term control.9 Biological control can be an important component of an integrated pest management programme. .
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For instance: mosquitoes are often controlled by putting Bt Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. Israelensis, a bacterium that infects and kills mosquito larvae, in local water resources.10
Mechanical pest control is the use of hands-on techniques in addition to simple equipment and devices, that provides a protective barrier between plants and insects. This can be known as tillage and is one of the oldest methods of weed control as well as being used for pest control; wireworms, the larvae of the common click beetle, are extremely harmful pests of newly ploughed grassland, and repeated cultivation exposes them to the birds and other predators which feed on them.11.
Crop rotation can help to control pests by depriving them of the host plants. It is an important tactic in the control of corn rootworm, and has decreased early season incidence of Colorado potato beetle by as much as 95 percent.12
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A trap crop is a crop of a plant that attracts pests, diverting them from nearby plants.13 Pests aggregated on the trap crop can be easily controlled using pesticides or other methods.14 But trap-cropping, on its own, has often neglected to price effectively reduce insect densities on big commercial scales, without the use of pesticides, possibly as a result of pests' ability to spread back into the main area.14.
Pesticides are applied to crops by agricultural aircraft, tractor-mounted crop sprayers or as seed dressings to control pests. However, effective control by pesticides is not simple; the ideal formulation has to be chosen, the timing is often critical, the method of application is important, sufficient protection and retention on the discover this harvest are necessary.
This is very important in countries where there are natural reservoirs of insects and their enemies in the countryside surrounding plantation crops, and these co-exist in a delicate balance. Often in less-developed countries, the crops are well adapted to the local situation and no pesticides are needed. Where innovative farmers are using fertilisers to develop improved crop varieties, these are often more vulnerable to pest damage, but the indiscriminate application of pesticides may be detrimental in the longer term.15.
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The effectiveness of chemical pesticides tends to diminish over time. That is because any organism which manages to survive the initial application will pass on its genes to its offspring and a resistant strain will be developed. In this way, some of the most serious pests have developed resistance and therefore are no longer killed by pesticides which discover here used to kill their ancestors.
